مدونة الصيدلة السريرية

The Cardiovascular system, Blood Vessels Anatomy Part 4
  Systemic Circulation
THE CAROTID ARTERIES
Specialized Lecture in Anatomy & Physiology
مناقشة إسماعيل مرتضى  Discussed by Ismail Mortada

Please press on the pictures to be able to see them in larger sizes so that to read the contents

As mentioned in past lectures, while we were discussing the systemic ciculation & blood vessels types, we said that near the aortic arch there are some branches of it, including the brachicephalic artery which raises both the right subclavian artery & the right common carotid artery + the other 2 branches from the aortic arch which raises the Left Common Carotid Artery & the Left Subclavian Artery

Now we’re going to discuss in more details about the common carotid arteries, now as just mentioned that there are 2 basic branches of the carotid artery which are as the following
A) The Right Common Carotid Artery which raise up from the Brachicephalic Artery from the Aorta Arch
B) The Left Common Carotid Artery which is one of the 3 branches of the Aorta Arch itself

They ascend through the lateran neck & at the superior border of the Larynx "at the level of ADAMS’ APPLE" & each one of the past mentioned 2 common carotid arteries divides into 2 major branches which are Internal & External

THE EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERIES

It supply most tissues of the head except the brain & the orbit, as each artery runs superiorly it give the following branches
A) Superior Thyroid Artery , which supply the larynx & the thyroid gland
B) Lingual Artery , which supplies the tongue
C) Facial Artery , which supplies the skin & the muscles of the anterior face
D) Occipital Artery , which supplies the posterior scalp

Each external carotid artery terminates by splitting into 2 endings which are as the following
A) Superficial Temporal Artery, which supplies the parotid salivary gland & most of the scalp
B) Maxillary Artery, which supplies the upper & lower jaws & chewing muscles, the teeth & the nazal cavities

From the Maxillary artery arises a clinically important artery called "THE MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY" which enters the skull through the foramen spinosum & supplies the inner surface of the parietal bone, squamous region of the temporal bone & the underlying dura matter

THE INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY

المزيد

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التصنيفات : Cardiovascular Ssytem, Human Anatomy & Physiology | السمات:Blood Vessels, Cardiovascular System, Human Anatomy & Physiology

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The Cardiovascular system, Blood Vessels Anatomy Part 3
  Systemic Circulation
THE AORTA
Specialized Lecture in Anatomy & Physiology
مناقشة إسماعيل مرتضى  Discussed by Ismail Mortada

Please press on the pictures to be able to see them in larger sizes so that to read the contents

The Aorta is the largest blood vessel "Artery" in the human body, as it leaves the left ventricle of the heart carrying pure clean oxygenated blood to the other cells & tissues of the human body Its’ enternal diameter is about 2.5 cm & its’ wall is about 2 mm in thickness, the size of the aorta will continuously & slowly decrease in size while it runs to its terminus "the pelvix" as mentioned in lectures before

In addition, it contains a valve like in the heart, called "The Aortic Semilunar Valve" that protects the blood from going backward in its flush toward the tissues, opposite ot the semilunar valves is the AORTIC SINUS, which contains the BARORECEPTORS which are important for the reflex regulation of the blood pressure, each different portion of the aorta is named depending on its shape or location "as mentioned in past lectures the names reflects normaly shapes, locations of the bone nearby or even names of the organs being supported by the vessel itself", the different portions of the aorta starts with the "ASCENDING AORTA" which runs posteriorly & to the right side of the pulmonary trunk, it stays in this way for about 5 cm till it turns suddenly left near the aorta arch, after that there are branches which arise from this ascending aorta, the only basic 2 branches which are the RIGHT & LEFT CORONARY ARTERIES, which supply the mycardial muscle "the heart" it self

The aorta arches which is deep in the sternum begins & ends at the sternal angle (level of T4), its’ major branches which are right & left are as the following

A) The Brachiocephalic Artery "arm-head", which passes superiorly under the right clavicle and gives the rise to 2 more branches which are THE RIGHT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY & the THE RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
B) The Left Common Carotid Artery
C) The Left Subclavian Artery

The past 3 mentioned vessels which arise from the aorta arches serves the head, neck, upper limbs & part of the Thorax wall

After we discussed the Ascending Aorta & the aorta arch with its 3 blood vessel branches we reach now to the DESCENDING AORTA or the THORACIC ARTERY which will runn from (T5 to T12) & in this trip it branches to several arteries which serve the thorax & viscera before it penetrates the diaphragm

After penetrating the diaphragm, the portion will turn to become the ABDOMINAL AORTA, in which it supplies the abdominal walls & viscera & ends at the level of L4 in which there it will split giving the RIGHT & LEFT COMMON ILIAC ARTERIES, which supplies the pelvis & the lower limbs

So as a brief for the parts mentioned before we see the following
A) The blood will leave the left ventricle via the aorta
B)

المزيد

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التصنيفات : Cardiovascular Ssytem, Human Anatomy & Physiology | السمات:Blood Vessels, Cardiovascular System, Human Anatomy & Physiology

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The Cardiovascular system, Blood Vessels Anatomy Part II
  Systemic Circulation
Specialized Lecture in Anatomy & Physiology
مناقشة إسماعيل مرتضى  Discussed by Ismail Mortada

The Major reference for the this lecture & the following lectures in the same subject is
"Human Anatomy & Physiology" For Elaine N.Marieb the 5′th Edition
+ Internet + My personal University Lecture Notes

Please press on the pictures to be able to see them in larger sizes so that to read the contents

As mentioned in the lecture part (I) when we spoke about the general anatomy of the blood vessels & we said that it is made up of 2 major sections which are the pulmonary circulation & the systemic circulation, we finished discussing in brief the pulmonary circulation before & we mentioned the different arteries & veins which were included in this part of the circulation & now before going on with the lectures speaking about the Systemic Circulation it is good to remind ourselves that in the systemic circulation "which will be discussed now" the arteries are the vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to the other body cells & tissues & the veins are those vessels which carries the blood toward the heart which is poor in oxygen and more rich in waste materials & carbon dioxide

B) The Systemic Circulation

The Systemic circulation starts in the heart after receiving the clean oxygenated blood from the pulmonary arteries, the oxygenated blood will enter the LEFT HEART ATRIUM & will be pumped from there to the LEFT HEART VENTRICLE; & from there the journey will start through the AORTA, which is the basic & largest vessel "arterie" in the human body from there, from the aorta, the blood can move on in different pathways, since all the major blood vessels arise from this single large AORTA , It normally ARCHES upward from the heart & then curves & run down along the body midline in which it terminates in the PELVIS where there it splits forming the 2 large branches arteries that serve the lower extremities, then the branches of the arteries forms the smaller ARTERIOLES & then as usual forming the Blood Capillaries in which the exchange of gases & nutrients occurs on this level

So we can brief the past steps as the following
A) The blood will enter from the Pulmonary arteries to the Left Heart Atrium
B) From there it will be entering the Left Heart Ventricle to be pumped out to the Aorta
C) The Aorta is the major blood vessel "Arterie" which rises from the heart
D)

المزيد

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التصنيفات : Cardiovascular Ssytem, Human Anatomy & Physiology | السمات:Blood Vessels, Cardiovascular System, Human Anatomy & Physiology

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Orca Whale
الحوت القاتل

فيلم وثائقي … قسم البيولوجيا
Scientific Program…Biology Section
Reference "You Tube Website" …… المصدر من موقع يو تيوب
مترجم للعربية…..Available in both Languages

It’s really amazing to watch the other creatures on this earth, studying them & their behaviors, their lives & their way of survivng, even studying their biology & anatomy, all of these together provides the human scientists with a variety of sciences which will open always doors for new discoveries in the field of medicines, general sciences & even biology

I beleive that sciences were always connected together by some direct & indirect relations which we need to watch & keep in mind always; In addition to all that; It’s interesting to see & understand that BEHAVIOR is a global & international concept which is applicable to all living creatures, but even to non-living creatures

By the way, the ORCA WHALE is not at all belonging to the whales species & types, since it is scientifically considered to be under the DOLPHINS category, but it is called like this because of it’s huge size & because it might feed on whales also…IMAGINE; enjoy the program downstaris & take care, Yours’ Ismail Mortada

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إنه لمن الممتع حقا ومن باب التسلية أيضا ملاحقة ومتابعة ومشاهدة أنواع أخرى مختلفة من المخلوقات الحية على وجه هذه الأرض, دراستهم ودراسة مكنونات تصرفاتهم وأفعالهم, دراسة حياتهم وأساليب بقائهم على قيد الحياة في تلك الغابة الأرضية العملاقة, كما ودراسة بيولوجية أجسامهم وتشريحها, كل تلك الأ

المزيد

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التصنيفات : Biology, General Medical Articles, أفلام...Movies, بيولوجيا الصيدلة | السمات:Biology, أفلام وثائقية...Scientific Movies, البيولوجيا, بيولوجيا الصيدلة

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The Cardiovascular system, Blood Vessels Anatomy
Pulmonary Circulation

Specialized Lecture in Anatomy & Physiology
مناقشة إسماعيل مرتضى  Discussed by Ismail Mortada

The Major reference for the this lecture & the following lectures in the same subject is
"Human Anatomy & Physiology" For Elaine N.Marieb the 5′th Edition
+ Internet + My personal University Lecture Notes

Please press on the pictures to be able to see them in larger sizes so that to read the contents

As it is known that the cardiovascular system is composed of 2 major components which are the Heart & the Vascular System it self "The Blood Vessels" in which they complete each other within the dynamic physiology in the human body & in other creatures also on this earth & my basic aim now in those lectures is to revise the names, locations & brief physiology of the blood vessels in the human body

Excluding the heart anatomy & physiology, it comes directly the vascular system which is made up of a blend of different kinds of arteries & veins which are used to transport different forms of the blood & nutrient from & to the heart & within the entire community of the human body cells , the circulation is made up of 2 basic sections which are as the following
A) The Pulmonary Circulation
B) The Systemic Circulation

A) The Pulmonary Circulation

Now, Considering the blood which is poor in oxygen & coming from all over the body cells & tissues toward the heart, it will enter the RIGHT ATRIUM of the heart & from it, it will be pumped to the RIGHT VENTRICLE & from there it will be sent into what is called the "Pulmonary Trunk", which runs diagonally upward for about 8 cm & then will be divided into the RIGHT & LEFT PULMONARY ARTERIES; Further to that, those pulmonary arteries will be divided inside the lungs to form the Lobar arteries in which there are 3 lobar arteries in the right lung & 2 lobar arteries in the left lung each one of the general 5 lobar arteries serves one lung lobe respectively, from the lobar arteries it branches to form the ARTERIOLES & then finally to give the PULMONARY CAPILLARIES that surround the air sacs & it is there in the smallest capillaries where the gases exchange will start in the human body

Note that people are used to use the word arterie for the blood vessel which carries pure oxygenated blood, but this is not the case here neither it is the right description for what’s exactly going on in anatomy & physiology, since in the systemic circulation, arterie would be any vessel which carries blood from the heart to any cell or tissue in the human body from which also is the lungs, so the blood entering the lungs "in the pulmonary circulation" coming from the tissues and poorly oxygenated is still called arterie and the blood leaving the lungs to the heart is called the veins, so in the pulmonary circulation the veins are the one who carries the oxygenated blood toward the left heart atrium & the ar

المزيد

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التصنيفات : Cardiovascular Ssytem, Human Anatomy & Physiology | السمات:Blood Vessels, Cardiovascular System, Human Anatomy & Physiology

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التخدير العام والمواد المخدرة
General Anaesthetic Agents

محاضرة متخصصة تابعة لقسم الفارماكولوجي السريري وعلوم الأدوية
Specialized Lecture in Cinical Pharmacology
  متوفرة باللغتين العربية والإنجليزية
Available in both languages, Arabic & English
مناقشة إسماعيل مرتضى  Discussed by Ismail Mortada

Aneasthetics compose a large section & a huge importance in the medical field, since they are very necessary for surgeries to be done successfully & for operations to run smoothly & without  pain, that’s why studying them extensively is important so that to be able to go further more later on in discovering new agents with lower side effects & more efficiency , & they are (anaesthetics) divided into 2 major types which are as the following
A) Local Anaesthetics
B) General Anaesthetics

And in this lecture & the coming parts & episodes of it, I’m going to discuss & revise GENERAL ANESTHETICS from Clinical point of view & from Pharmacological point of view depending basically on hard medical books & references + my personal old university lecture notes

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Physiochemical Theories of Anaesthesia

Unlike most of the other drugs in pharmacology, General Anaesthetic agents are not exactly & totally understood from pharmacological mechanism of action point of view until now, since they have different chemical structures & electronic configuration -anaesthetic agents- so they are not belonging to any basic single chemical class, the pharmacological action of general aneasthetics requires basically a specific uniimportant physiochemical properties, those agents lacks an exact RECEPTOR which they work in & they have a low profile in chemical specificity regarding this matter

They appear to act principally on the cells membranes & the theories of anaesthesia focuses on the interactions with the 2 major components of the cell membrane which are the lipids & proteins, That’s why General Anaesthesia Theories would be divided into 2 major sections which are as the following
A) The Lipid Theory
B) The Protein Theory

Note also that there are another theories available in the scientific field but I concentrated on those 2 major ones since they are the basic original theories mentioned in pharmacology references & were taught to us before

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A) THE LIPID THEORY

The Lipid Theory is based on the idea that there is a close correlation between the Anaesthetic Potency & the Lipid Solubility of the agent, & it believes that Narcosis commences (Narcosis means exactly the privation of sense & consiousness due to using a nracotic agent) when any chemically indifferent substances has attained a certain molar concentration in the lipids of the cells, so the agent must be lipid soluble & to reach a specific molar concentration, when those 2 factors occurs, the anaesthetic affect will start also

Now in general and before going deeper into this particular theory, it is well known in the medical field that for a substance in general to be able to pass the cell membranes, it needs to be holding a special percentage of lipid solubility so that to pass the LIPID membranes of the living cells in general, for sure there are other mechanisms of excerting actions on the cells other than being only lipid soluble, but still lipid solubility plays the major role in this reaction & this is why the LIPID THEORY is a logical theory which depends on a basic scientific evidence

The relationship between anaesthetic activity & lipid solubility has been repeatedly confirmed, see the following diagram which shows results obtained in humans where the Minimal Alveolar Concentration (MAC) which is inversely proportional to potency required to produce a lack of response to painful stimulation is plotted against lipid solubility

Please Press on the picture to enlarge it & read the content clearly

It is expressed as oil : water partition coeffiecient (the past diagram shows oil in gas partition & it is the saem concept since I couldn’t find the exact diagram that I want), for a wide range of inhalation anaesthetics, This diagram is called the Overton-Meyer studies & it did not suggest any particular mechanism of action, but it showed a basic interesting correlation which any theory of anaesthetics needs to take in account in general, the oil : water partition should predict the partition into membrane lipids, while the keeping the old agreement that anaethesia make an alteration in the membrane function

Now the right question would be that HOW might the introduction of an inert new substance molecules into the cell membranes causes a full disturbance in those cells & causes a clear functional disturbance & changes? To answer this questions there are different ideas, in which one of them is called "The pressure reversal anaesthesia theory" which indicates that the "Volume Expansion" is the reason of those past mentioned effects, In animals such as newts, they are immobilised by the addition of an anaesthetic agent to the water, then the application of hydrostatic pressure to about 100 atmospheres immediately restores their mobility & the anaesthesia returns as soon as the pressure is lowered

Those results are compatible with the theory that anaesthesia occurs when volume of the lipid phase is expanded by about 0.4% as a result of the intrusion of anaesthetic molecules, Pressure is though to act simply by opposing this volume expansion, further work decreased also the doubt regarding this point of view

Another theory involves the increase in membrane fluidity due to the disorder that occurs in the packing array of membrane phospholipids, all the physiochemical measurments confirms that this happens, so, relatively high concentrations of the anaesthetic agents is needed & the affects are small by comparison with those of a modest (<1 degree C) rise in temperature, so also the relation directly between this theory & the pharmacological action is not exactly clear

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B) THE PROTEIN THEORY

Anaesthetics can bind to proteins as well as lipids, studies done on some kind of "enzymes" which means some kinds of proteins showed that there is a parallel relation between the action of enzyme inhibition & the anaesthetic agents functions, there were another evidences of relation between anaesthetic actions and the interaction with the functional membrane proteins, for example ligand-gated ion channels, A lot of anaesthetic agents at a concentration reached to cause anaesthesia had shown to inhibit the functions of excitatory receptors "like ionotropic glutamate acetylcholine or 5-HT receptors" as well as enhancing the inhibitory receptors functions "like GABA A & Glycine", the studies after that done on genetically engineered receptors showed that the effects depends on the presence of a particular domains in the receptor protein, which comprise specific "Modulatory sites"throug which the anaesthetic drugs exerts their effects on channel functions, there must be further studies done to clearify this effect and the past mentioned points, especially those experiments done on mice

From holding a moderate middle level of understanding both theories the lipid & the protein theory is athe basic view that the anaesthetics concentration at the lipid-protein interface within the cells membranes is important for the pharmacological action to occur & we have to keep in mind that most proteins have different or multi-functional reactions which will include more than one theory as a must

TO BE CONTINUED

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التخدير العام والمواد المخدرة
General Anaesthetic A

المزيد

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التصنيفات : Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Drugs & Supplements, Pharmacokinetics | السمات:clinical pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Pharmacokinetics

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الفرق بين الحقيقة والخيال
مقالة طبية عامة
فارماكولوجي وعلوم أدوية, قسم الصيدلة السريرية
مناقشة إسماعيل مرتضى

حقيقة, كثيرا ما يخطر ببالي أن أنده على مريض خارج من الصيدلية, أو من جانب إحدى غرف العمليات بالمستشفى, أو حتى أن أتوقف عن إلقاء إحدى المحاضرات العامة التي تعودت على إلقائها على موظفينا في الشركة التي أعمل بها

وددت كثيرا لو توقفت للحظة وقلت للجميع, أرجوكم, لا تصدقوني تماما, مع أني صادق, ولكن ليس كل ما يلمع ذهبا, فإن الذين يعرفون لا يستوون بالذين لا يعرفون (لا أقصد نفسي بالمعرفة) ولكن هذه هي الحقيقة وهذا هو الواقع الذي لابد أن يتحدث به احدهم يوما ما

أتحدث هنا عن الأدوية بشكل عام, وعن العقاقير ومستحضرات الإستخلاص الطبيعي بشكل خاص, وعن العلاجات بكل أنواعها على وجه التعميم

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حقيقة ما اود قوله وباختصار هو ان من ينكر أن الأدوية هي إكتشاف مذهل وهي منتوجة تعب مضني وشاق وتفكير وتحليل وتجربة وقياس منطقي مرعب, فهو كمن ينكر الشمس في وضح النهار أو كمن ينكر على نفسه حقه بالحياة, وقد واجهت في حياتي العملية الكثيرين ممن ينكروا أمور كهذه, ومع أني أجد الكثير من الأعذار لعامة الناس والغير متخصصين بظنونهم تلك, إلا أنني أطلب منهم التوقف والتفكير للحظة فيما يقولون, فمن يستطيع إنكار مفعول البنج في غرفة العمليات؟ ومن يستطيع إنكار مفعول حبة مورفين لمريض متألم؟ ومن يستطيع إنكار مفعول سيجارة على شخص يحبها؟ أم من يستطيع أن ينكر مفعول الحشيش على الحشاشيين؟

أليست كلها مواد كيميائية؟ وهي كلها تصنف لدينا بتصنيفات دقيقة ومتخصصة؟

ولكني سأقول لكم ما هو الفرق الحقيقي بين الدواء وبين الهباء… وبين الحقيقة وبين الخيال

الحقيقة متمثلة بوجود مادة كيميائية, لها شكلها المدروس, ولها تشريحها الواضح, ولها خصائصها الكيميائية والفيزيائية والتي لا نستطيع التخلي عن التفكير بها, والحقيقة هي أن أي شيء يدخل الى جسم الإنسان -أو أي كائن حي آخر- فإنه سيتفاعل ويتأثر ويؤثر في هذا الجسم, تبعا لخصائص هذه المادة وتبعا لنوعية هذا الجسم, ولا يوجد على سبيل الإطلاق مادة تدخل دون حدوث تفاعل, حتى تلك الأدوية المزيفة التي تعطى للمرضى في حدائق التجارب المخبرية في المستشفى, لا تلبث إلا أن تحدث تفاعل (فعدم حدوث تفاعل أصلا يعتبر نوع من أنواع التفاعلات من وجهة نظر الكيمياء البحتة حيث أنه يلغي أو يؤثر ولو بنسبة ضئيلة

المزيد

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التصنيفات : Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Drugs & Supplements, General Medical Articles | السمات:clinical pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, General Medical Articles, مقالات طبية عامة, علوم الأدوية والعقاقير

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التطور البيولوجي, نظرية تستحق التأمل
مقالة عامة, مناقشة في أصول الخلايا الحية ونظرية التطور
تابعة لأقسام الكائنات الدقيقة وعلوم الخلية, قسم الصيدلة السريرية
مناقشة إسماعيل مرتضى

يمكنك الضغط على الروابط الموجودة في أسفل المقالة, للإنتقال الى المحاضرات العلمية الأصلية المكتوبة بالإنجليزية من محاضراتي الماضية

في بعض المحاضرات العلمية الماضية, قمت بمناقشة سريعة جدا ومراجعة عامة لما يعرف بأصول الخلايا الحية

تخيل معي جسدك الحالي وهو عبارة عن جلد, يغطي باقي أجزاء الجسم الداخلية, وأن باقي تلك الأجزاء مختلطة ببعضها البعض, غير محيزة بحواجز أو قيود وكأنها عبارة عن مجموعة من الأعضاء التي تسبح في بركة كبيرة من الدماء ولزوجة الإفرازات المختلفة داخليا, هذا الشكل التخيلي هو بالضبط ما كانت عليه التركيبة التشريحية للخلية الحية الأولى التي عرفها التاريخ منذ أزمان بعيدة ماضية

الخلية كما يعرف الجميع هي عبارة عن شكل (يمكننا تجاوزا تسميته بالشكل الدائري) والتي تحتوي على أعضاء داخلية مثلها مثل جسم الإنسان (كتشبيه لتقريب الصورة), وهذه الخلية البدائية وفي بداية تكوينها كانت عبارة عن أغشية تحيط بسائل وهذا السائل يحتوي على بعض الأعضاء البسيطة المتناثرة هنا وهناك دونما وجود أغشية تحيط بكل عضو على حدة ودونما وجود لأدنى نوع من التخصص التشريحي المباشر, نعم هكذا بدأت أول خلية مكتشفة الى الآن في هذه الحياة الفانية

لم تكن الخلية متخصصة بشكل مباشر, ولم تكن تحتوي على الكثير من الأعضاء, وإنما كانت محاطة بغلاف طبيعي يحميها من العوامل البيئية الخارجية (لحدود معينة يعني) وكانت تحتوي على بعض الأعضاء الأساسية (والأساسية جدا وفقط) والتي كانت موزعة بشكل شبه عشوائي داخل حيز هذه الخلية, تسبح في بركة من السائل الخلوي الذي يتكون من مواد غذائية متسربة من البيئة الخارجية (للمحافظة على حياة الخلية) ويحتوي أيض

المزيد

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التصنيفات : Bacteria, Biology, General Medical Articles, Genetics Engineering, Histology, Microbiology & Immunology | السمات:evolution, General Medical Articles, genetics, Genetics Engineering

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This video shows part of the natural cell biology life, interesting & related to the subject of this lecture

Eukaryotic versus Prokaryotic Cells, Part II
Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Histology
A fast lecture as a general revision in Microbiology & Histology fields
Revised By Ismail Mortada
B.Sc.Pharmacy & Health Sciences

المحاضرة مترجمة حرفيا للغة العربية في الأسفل

Introduction
In the last lecture, we started discussing the origin of the cells in general & we said that there are 2 basic cells only in nature in which any living being must be related to which the the Prokaryotic cells & the Eukaryotic cells, then we started discussing the older form of cells which is the Prokaryotic & we explained the living beings that are chategorized under this catefory, after that we discussed regarding the first Pleuropneumonia-Like Organisms or PPLO and after that we continued to discuss the 2′nd living being related which is the Bacteria & there we stopped in discussing the wal while discussing the Structure of the bacteria & we said that bacteria have 3 major characteristics regarding its anatomy which are the plasma membrane, the cell wall & the cytoplasm & there were we reached discussing about the cytoplasm we stopped, so io in this lecture - 2′nd episode - we’ll start where we ended last time with the C) Cytoplasm of the bacteria & we’ll continue to discuss the 3′rd living being under Prokaryotic cells category which is the Blue Green Algae

C) The Bacteria Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm of the bacterial cell is dense enough, colloidal & conatins a lot of granules of glycogen (Glucose Polymers), proteins & Lipids, It contains also poly-B-hydroxybutyric Acid, Granulose (also a polymer of glucose), volutin (metaphosphate granules) & elemental sulphur as the stored food materials, as mentioned in the last lecture & while comparing it to the other major kind of living vells, the cytoplasm of the Prokaryotic origin bacterial cells lacks most of the important membrane bounded cellular organelles of eukaryotic cells, such as lacking the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, mitochondria, lysosomes, centrioles…etc; However, the bacterial cells contains 70S Ribosomes, which occurs freely in the cytoplasm & form polyribosomes during the process of protein synthesis, in addition, certain photosynthetic bacteria contains also Chromophores having bacteriochlorophyll

The genetic informations of bacterial cells are carried by DNA molecules which are called "Bacterial Chromosomes" or "Genophores" and occur in a distinct nuclear regions called "Nucleoids". The nucleoids also lacks membranes -compared to the eukaryotic cells-, for example COCCIE bacteria usually contains one nucleoid per cell, while the Rod like BACILLI Bacteria usually contain 2 or more nucleoids per cell

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In addition to all the past mentioned structures of functions of the Prokaryotic origin Bacteria, many of them (bacteria) are able to swim about by beating of a whipe-like cellular structure outgrowths called "Flagella". A bacterial flagellum consists of a single fibril of 100 to 200 A thickness & several micron in length, protruding from an intracellular (from deep inside the scell) "Basal Granule" through the plasma membrane & the cell wall. The fibril is made largely of the protein "Flagellin" & some other proteins also

PLEASE PRESS ON THE PICTURE TO SEE THE CONTENT

PLEASE PRESS ON THE PICTURE TO SEE THE CONTENT

The cell of some other bacteria contains an extracellular (outside the cell) hair like structure called "PILI" or "Fimbriae", which helps for the attachment of bacterial cells to solid surfaces. Each of the pili is composed also of helically arranged subunits of "Pilin" protein

PLEASE WATCH THIS VIDEO WHICH SPEAK ABOUT THE FORMATION OF THE BACTERIAL FLAGELLA

As a direct note, the bacterial flagellum is considered to be a typical motor system like the motor of one of the most advanced technology cars, it’s very interesting to see this but I’ll not go deeper in this matter & we may discuss it later in another separate lecture speaking only about the flagella, because here we’re discussing mainly the types & structures of different eukaryotic & prokaryotic cells & the differences between them more than going deeper in the details of the living beings belonging to each category of them

C) BLUE GREEN ALGAE

PLEASE PRESS ON THE PICTURE TO SEE THE CONTENT

The Blue Green Algae as mentioned in the first lecture is the 3′rd basic type of ogranisims which belongs to the Prokaryotic cells, It includes around 2000 species resembling bacteria in many details, A few blue green algae are unicellular & grow as a single separate cells, but most species are multicellular & forming multicellular colonies of prokaryotic cells, this is reminding me of the first lecture where some where I said that most of the prokaryotic are unicellular, but think about it for a second, when we go from the old prokaryotic cells to the last prokaryotic types like blue green algae we found that the evolution starts in a slow motion toward forming multicellular colonies then reaching in eukaryotic cells to form multicellular organisims

A typical cell of blue green algae is composed of outer cellular coverings & cytoplasm. Those outer cellular covering includes an outermost gelatinous or slimy layer, a middle cell wall & an inner most lipoproteinous plasma membranes

The cell wall of the blue green algae is similar to the cell wall of bacteria & contains molecules of lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides & mucoproteins. The cytoplasm of blue green algae lacks endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, mitochondria & lysosomes. It contains numerous 70S ribosomes (like bacteria also) which are freely distributed in the cytoplasm & form polyribosomes during protein synthesis

Because the metabolism of blue green algae is based on photosynthesis, therefore, their cells contains the photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll & carotenoid. In addition to these pigments, these algae contain certain unique pigments collectively called "Phycobilin"; One of the phycobilin is blue and called "Phycoerythrin", The photosythetic pigments (chlorophylls & carotenoids) occur in flattened sacs called "Lamellae" which remain arranged in parallel array

In between the lamellae occur certain granules of about 400 A in diameter, these granules contain phycobilin pigments & are called "Cyanosomes" or "Phycobilisomes", so as seen there is a diversity of new structures due to the photsythetic properties of blue green algae

As in all prokaryotes, the DNA molecule of blue green algae is circular, double stranded helix & it does not remain segragarted into a nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope. The cells of blue green algae though lack cilia or flagella, but have the capacity to do movement by gliding & rotatory motions

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خلايا اليوكاريوت مقابل البروكاريوت, الجزء الثاني
الصيدلة السريرية, قسم المايكروبيولوجي وعلوم الكائنات الدقيقية, علم الخلايا
محاضرة سريعة كمراجعة عامة للطلبة والمتخصصين ونرجوا ملاحظة أن الترجمة ضعيفة لغويا وقد تشوبها بعض الأخطاء اللغوية لأن ما يهمني أكثر شيء هو المعلومة العلمية وشكرا للتفهم وهذا الكلام منطبق على كل ما يكتب على هذه المدونة باللغتين العربية والانجليزية
دراسة ومراجعة إسماعيل مرتضى
بكالريوس في الصيدلة والعلوم الصحية

مقدمة
في المحاضرة السابقة, قمنا بمناقشة أصول الخلايا الحية بشكل عام وقلنا بأن هناك نوعين إثنين من الخلاليا الحية بشكل عام فقط في الطبيعة وهي إما خلايا البروكاريوت أو اليوكاريوت والتي يجب أن أي كائن حي أن ينتمي الى إحداها فقط لا غير, ومن ثم قمنا بمناقشة النوع الأول والأقدم من هذه الخلايا الحية وهي خلايا البروكاريوت وقمنا بدراسة الكائنات الحية التي تندرج تحت هذه النوعية من الخلايا فقمنا بالبدء بدراسة خلايا "ال ببلو" ومن ثم قمنا بدراسة الطائفة الثانية من الكائنات التي تنتمي الى فصيلة خلايا البروكاريوت وهي البكتيريا ووصلنا الى دراسة شكل البكتيريا وتوقفنا عند شرح الجدار الخلوي, وقلنا أن البكتيريا لديها 3 أعضاء أساسية تشكيليا وهي الغشاء البلازمي أو الخلوي, والجدار الخلوي والسيتوبلازما وشرحناهم كلهم ما عدا السيتوبلازما وهي ما سنكمل شرحه في هذه المحاضرة ومن ثم ننتقل الى الطائفة الثالثة والأخير وهي الطحالب الخضراء المزرقة

المزيد

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التصنيفات : Bacteria, Biology, Histology, Microbiology & Immunology | السمات:Blue Green Algae, eukaryotic, Histology, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, prokaryotic, المايكروبيولوجي, الطحالب, علم الخلايا

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دراسات تعنى ببيولوجيا الصيدلة وإمتصاص المواد الداخلي في جسم الإنسان
مقدمة + الإمتصاص المنفعل
هذه المقالة مترجمة "بتصرف" عن محاضرتي الأصلية باللغة الإنجليزية
للمتابعة أكثر يرجى الضغط على الرابط الموجود بأسفل هذه المقالة للتوجه الى الصفحة الإنجليزية الأصلية
 إسماعيل مرتضى

إن لإمتصاص الأدوية من جسم الإنسان (شأنها شأن باقي العلوم) أهمية كبيرة جدا في تأثيرات الأدوية على الجسم, لأن آلية الإمتصاص, والمكان اللي بيمتص منه الدواء, وكمية الدواء, ونوعية المادة الكيميائية المكونة للدواء, والبيئة المحيطة بالدواء, ووجود مواد أخرى كالطعام والشراب وغيرها من المواد لها تأثيرها كلها على معدل دخول الدواء للجسم, وعلى كمية المادة اللي حتبقى بشكل فعال, ولكن الآن ساعنى أكثر بالحديث عن الإمتصاص الدوائي من المعدة والأمعاء, ومع أن هذه النوعية من الإمتصاص لا تصنف أبدا النوعية الوحيدة الموجودة على أرض الواقع, يعني مش بس نحنا مناخذ ادوية عن طريق الفم والأمعاء, إلا أنها تعتبر مهمة جدا لأنها أكثر الطرق إنتشارا وأسهلها على المريض, ولأن أغلب الأدوية أو نقدر نقول نسبة مئوية ضخمة من الأدوية تؤخذ عن طريق الفم وتمتص عن طريق المعدة و الأمعاء بشكل كبير

لك أيها القارئ العزيز أن تتصور الكمية الهائلة من التفاعلات والمعوقات التي تواجه الدواء من وقت ما يقدم لفم المريض والى أن يصل الى الدم بشكل فعال, فهنا يأتي المسلسل المعتاد والمتجدد والمتغير دائما, فالدواء بيحتاج أو بيضطر أن يمر من بين الكثير من العوائق الطبيعية الموجودة بجسم الإنسان قبل أن يصل الى الدم بشكل طبيعي, وبيتدمر من الدواء كمية كبيرة جدا من الكمية الأصلية قبل حتى ما توصل للمكان المراد علاجه أساسا

عندك مثلا لما تبلع الدواء, بتبدا التفاعلات تأخذ مجراها من اللعاب الموجود في الفم الطبيعي عند الإنسان, وبيبدأ بنزل شوية شوية الى المعدة (طبعا المعدة غير الأمعاء وهذه النقطة مهمة عندنا يعني), وفي المعدة وأكيد الكل عارف إن البيئة عبارة عن بيئة حمضية بحتة, يعني المعدة مليئة بالأحماض المختلفة بشكلها الطبيعي, هاي الأحماض تعمل مجددا على تدمير الكثير من الأدوية بشكل طبيعي, وخصوصا أن غالبية الأدوية أصلا حساسة للحمض, وبس تنزل في مكان بيكون فيه حمض بتبدا تتفاعل معاه وبتتحول بشكلها الى صيغة مش فعالة, وبهالأسلوب نحنا منكون دمرنا بشكل لا إرا

المزيد

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التصنيفات : Biopharmaceutical studies, بيولوجيا الصيدلة | السمات:الإمتصاص الدوائي, بيولوجيا الصيدلة

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