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معلومات علمية عامة

مجموعة من المعلومات العلمية الجيدة والمركزة…كل معلومة منهم تمثل علما كاملا متكاملا بحد ذاته

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تحياتي

إسماعيل مرتضى

لمشاهدة أفلام وثائقية أخرى من المدونة يمكن الضغط على الروابط التالية

معجزة خلق الإنسان
mortada8.maktoobblog.com/1537409/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86/

المزيد

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التصنيفات : General Medical Articles, Physical Pharmacy, أفلام...Movies | السمات:General Medical Articles, أفلام وثائقية...Scientific Movies

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Modifications of the Parenchymatous cells, Hairs or Trichomes
Types of plant cells part 6
التحورات في الأغشية النباتية المتنية "الخارجية", الشعيرات النباتية
أنواع الخلايا النباتية, الجزء السادس

Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Botany & pharmacognosy section
علوم الصيدلة السريرية, قسم علوم النباتات والعقاقير الطبيعية

Available in both English & Arabic Languages
متوفرة باللغتين العربية والإنجليزية
مناقشة إسماعيل مرتضى ….. Discussed by Ismail Mortada

إن دراسة النباتات, تشريحيا ووظيفيا وكيميائيا, كانت وما تزال من أساسيات العلوم الطبية والصيدلانية, ومن دراسة النباتات إستطاع الإنسان القديم والمعاصر أن يكتشف أساليب طبية مختلفة لمحاربة الأمراض, والتعامل مع السموم وإبتداع الأنظمة الغذائية الصحيحة, وإنني أستطيع القول بشكل مريح جدا بأن دراسة النبات كيميائيا وتشريحيا, هو مهم كمثل دراسة الإنسان كيميائيا وتشريحيا, حيث أن المنظومة النباتية بشكل كامل, تعتبر مصدر غني جدا ومتميز للأدوية والعقاقير والأفكار العلمية التي بدونها لما إستطاع الإنسان الوصول لعلوم الطب الحديثة, وإنه لمن المهم معرفة أن كل المخلوقات الحية ومن ضمنها النباتات, تتمتع باجهزة تشريحية كاملة البنية وميكانيزمات عمل فيسيولوجية جاهزة دائما لإثبات أنه لا توجد أي قطعة نسيج على وجه الأرض الا ولها بنيتها وتركيبها الدقيق تبعا لمنظومة الكون والمخلوقات الواحدة

In past lectures, we discussed in general the plants anatomy & morphology & we spoke about different kinds of plants cells,  including what is called "The Parenchymatous Cells" which are a basic & important kind of the plants cells & we said that this tissue may have some modifications "cellular modification" which will lead to a new kind of anatomical & morphological structures in the plants tissues, we spoke about the stomata before & now we’ll discuss briefly what is called TRICHOMES or the plants hair simply

In another words, the plants epidermal tissues may be included in some modifications of its cells in which some of those cells may extend to the outside region of the tissue causing what is called "Trichomes" or hairs in the plant, so the trichomes are simply a natural projections outside the epidermal tissues in the plants because of a modification process which is done on the parenchymatous cells which forms this tissue, now depending on the morphology of those projections they could be divided into the following

A) Papillae
B) Hairs or Trichomes

If those projections were short they will be called papillae & the epidermis layer will be called at this time as PAPILLOSED EPIDERMIS, & If the projections were long they will be called hairs or trichomes, the papillae  appear as circules in the middle of the epidermal tissues between the other cells & this tissue is appearing normally in most of the petals of the flowers

Picture of papillosed tissue

At the other side, as mentioned just now, there are the hairs or the trichomes, in which the presence or the absence of those hairs + the characters of those hairs are very important in the plants IDENTIFICATION process, so this is an important way of the different ways which are used in the identification of plants & in understanding different types, because each plants category has its’ special morphological charaters including special way of distributing the hair on it & the location of those hairs + their shapes & length also

THE HAIR OR TRICHOMES

The hair which is an out-growth of the epidermal layer is normaly consisted of the following
A) THE BODY: the body of the hair which is the part projecting outside the epidermal tissue, which might be with a Glandular or Non-Glandular Heads
B) THE BASE: Which is the part embedded in the epidermal tissues & which is not visible to outside the tissue itself

Trichomes microscopical view

The hairs shows a great variation in their shapes, sizes & contents & are classified into the following normaly
A) Non-Glandular Hairs
B) Glandular Hairs

The Non-Glandular hairs which are projections without having a gland on their head can be also calssified depending on their structure into the following
A) UNICELLULAR, which includes the following
                                                1- Papillae which are unicellular very short hairs such as in Viola tricolor petals,
                                                2- Cystolith which are unicellular hairs containing Calcium Carbonate such as in Cannabis leaves,
                                                3- Warty Hair which are unicellular thickened walls such as in Senna Leaves
                                                4- Stellate Hairs which are a group of unicellular hairs which appears from the same projection      point such as in Hamamelis Leaves
B) MULTICELLULAR, which includes the following
                                                1- Uniseriate hairs which might be in different shapes like normal hairs (Stramonium), collapsed hairs (Digitalis) & T.shaped hairs (Artimisia) 
                                                2- Biseriate which might be in 2 raws (Calendula) or in the shape of twin hairs (Arnica)
                                                3- Pulriseriate such as the shugy hair in Cumin
                                                4- Branched Candelabra like in Vebascum

Viola tricolor petals which contains unicellular short projections called papillae as shown in the picture

unicellular trichome containing calcium carbonate

Group of hairs unicellular appearing from the same projection point or as you can say all the hairs are coming from one cell as shown in the picture & called Stellate hair such as in Hamamelis leaves

Multicellular normal uniseriate hair, check out how is it made up of normal hair body which is composed of more then one cell, such as those appearing in Stramonium


 

Different shapes of trichomes as shown in the following picture

Now the Glandular trichomes are very similar in their shapes to the Non-Glandular types, but they have GLANDS on their heads which differentiate them from the non-glandular types & this is also a very important feature in the plants identification process also, they are divided into the following depending on their morphology also
A) UNICELLULAR STALKS , with either unicellular head or multicellular heads such as in Primla & Belladonna respectively
B) MULTICELLULAR STALKS which are either
                                                                            1- Uniseriate , with unicellular head like primula or multicellular heads like in Hyoscymus niger
                                                                            2- Biseriate with a biseriate head such as in Artimisia
                                                                            3- Pluriseriate stalk with a multicellular head such as in Cannabis
                                                                            4- Branched Uniseriate Stalk with a unicellular head on each stalk such as Hyscymus muticus

Check the following pictures & recognize the different shapes of trichomes in general

To read the past lectures in this chain of lectures please check the following URL Adresses

Anatomy & Drug Microscopy of Medicinal Plants
mortada8.maktoobblog.com/1536521/anatomy-drug-microscopy-of-medicinal-plants

Types of Plants cells Part 1
mortada8.maktoobblog.com/1536531/types-of-plants-cells-part-1/

Types of Plants cells part 2, Sclerenchymatous Cells
mortada8.maktoobblog.com/1536535/types-of-plants-cells-part-2-sclerenchymatous-cells/

Types of plants cells part 3, The Vascular System
mortada8.maktoobblog.com/1536586/types-of-plants-cells-part-3-the-vascular-system/

Types of Plants Cells part 4
mortada8.maktoobblog.com/1536677/types-of-plant-cells-part-4/

Modifications of Parenchymatous cells, Stomata
mortada8.maktoobblog.com/1536717/modifications-of-the-parenchymatous-cells-stomata/

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Modifications of the Parenchymatous cells, Hairs or Trichomes
Types of plant cells part 6
التحورات في الأغشية النباتية المتنية "الخارجية", الشعيرات النباتية
أنواع الخلايا النباتية, الجزء السادس

Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Botany & pharmacognosy section

المزيد

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التصنيفات : Botany | السمات:Botany, parenchym modifications, parenchymatous cells, Pharmaceutical Botany

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التخدير العام والمواد المخدرة الجزء الثاني
General Anaesthetic Agents Part II
The Effects of Anaethetics on the Nervous System
تأثير المواد المخدرة على الجهاز العصبي

محاضرة متخصصة تابعة لقسم الفارماكولوجي السريري وعلوم الأدوية
Specialized Lecture in Cinical Pharmacology
  متوفرة باللغتين العربية والإنجليزية
Available in both languages, Arabic & English
مناقشة إسماعيل مرتضى  Discussed by Ismail Mortada

Introduction
In the past episode we spoke about anaesthesia in general, & we said that anaesthesia is a great discovery in medical studies since it help the surgical painful procedures to go on smoothly & without pain. At the same time we said that anaesthetic agents doesn’t follow a specific chemical category, neither they follow any specific mechanism of action, since there is a wide variety of agents which are used & different mechanisms combined at the same time to produce the pharmacological effects

In this part we’ll go more deeper discussing anaesthetic agents & their effects on the Nervous System in a more deeper & scientific manners

THE EFFECTS OF ANAESTHETICS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

At the beginning & before discussing this topic, it is important to remember from the last lecture that there are 2 basic theories of anaesthetics actions which are the protein theory & the lipid theory, Now, whatever was the theory, at the end there is an activity of those anaesthetic agents which is produced on the cellular levels normally, which acts basically on the synaptic transmission & as we all now, the synaptic transmission is the basic process in which the neurotransmiters will be sent from one nervous axon to the other & through this mechanism we’ll feel the pain coming from the peripheral nervous system & reaching the brain to be translated as pain, so anaesthetics works by interupting this transmission in a way or other which helps reducing or cancelling the sensation of the pain at a particular time

So the effects on the axonal conduction process is considered to be a critical part in the practice of anaesthesia on patients, so the inhibition of this synaptic conduction process can be acheived in different mechanisms including the following

A) By decreasing the neurotransmitter release process
B) By the inhibition of the action of the neurotransmitter
C) By the reduction of the excitibility of the postsynaptic cell

Through the past mentioned mechanisms, the reduction in the transmitter release & \ or the reduction in the excitibility of the postsynaptic cell are the most studied kinds & the most acceptable ways on actual clinical studies

For example, the reduction of Acetylcholine release was shown & proved in some peripheral nerves, at the same time, a decrease in the postsynaptic sensitivity had been shown in both central & peripheral nervous system studies & this decrease in the sensitivity was due to the inhibition process of the ligan-gated ion channels there, & this last process "the decrease in the postsynaptic sensitivity" was shown for example with BARBITURATES, in which they enhanced the low sensitivity process in these areas & at the same time this effect was occuring also with some volatile anaesthetics

Studies also were done to understand the exact region in the brain which was responsible for the anaesthetics action & these studies showed in a way or another that the THALAMIC SENSORY RELAY NUCLEI & THE DEEP LAYER OF THE CORTEX TO WHICH THESE NUCLEI PROJECT were the most sensitive areas working along with the anaesthetics, this area includes the routes taken by the sensory impulses to reach the cortex, so the general idea is presented by inhibiting this transmission & inhibiting the sensory impulses from reaching the cortex through this route, which means at the end that the brain will not receive the impulse & will not generate the feeling of PAIN at the end, another theory which enhance our awareness about the brain function is that anaesthesia even in small concentrations causes a mild AMNESIA effects on the patients, this is due to the interference which happens between the anaesthetic agent & the hippocampal functions & it is known that the hippocampus is the responsible for the short-term memory functions, thats’ why mild experiences with the anaesthesia can’t be exactly & directly remembered by the patient even if with small doses of the anaesthetic agent

And as the anaesthesia dose increase, the brain functions as a whole organ will be effected tissue by tissue, including the motor control & the reflex activities, the respiration & the autonomic regulations, so at the end & while increasing the dose of the anaesthsia, we can’t exactly describe a specific site in which the anaesthetic agent will work on it

BRIEF

Briefly we can say & as a continuing to the past lecture that there are evidences showing & describing the general actions of the anaesthesia, in which it have to be lipid & protein soluble to some extends, it will effects the cell structure & walls & will effect the conduction mechanism in them, through decreasing the release of neurotransmitter & through enhancing the decrease in the sensitivity of the postsynaptic cells, it will exert its’ effects

In smaller doses it will cause amnesia & effect the hippocampal functions & by increasing the dose it will start effecting all the brain as a general whole organ making it more difficult to predict the exact location of its pharmacological actions

TO BE CONTINUED

To read the first parts of the older lectures please press on the following URL address

General Anaesthetic Agents Part I
mortada8.maktoobblog.com/1537329/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9general-anaesthetic-

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التصنيفات : Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Drugs & Supplements, Pharmacokinetics | السمات:clinical pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Pharmacokinetics

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Eukaryotic versus Prokaryotic Cells, Part III
Eukaryotes
الخلايا اليوكاريوتية "الخلايا الحديثة"
Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Histology
A fast lecture as a general revision in Microbiology & Histology fields
Revised By Ismail Mortada
B.Sc.Pharmacy & Health Sciences

المحاضرة مترجمة حرفيا للغة العربية في الأسفل

Introduction
In the last lectures, we discussed the origin of cells in nature; & we said that their are 2 basic categories of cells in the nature which are prokaryotic cells & eukaryotic cells. Then we discussed in 2 episodes the prokaryotic cells, their nature & types & characteristics with their anatomy in general & now it’s the time to discuss the eukaryotic cells in brief & understand the difference between them & their mothers The Prokaryotic

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Those cells are really TRUE CELLS compared to the older one discussed before, the word itself mean ( eu, means good) & (karyotic, means nucleated), which means that they are cells with a real true nucleus, they are also refered to the 2 envelope systems, in which they have their  plasma walls - like the prokaryotic cells - but they have also have true membranes surrounding their basic nucleus & organelles internally & this is one of the basic differences between them & the prokaryotic cells mentioned before

This kind of true cells occurs in plants (starting from the developed recent algaes till the angiosperms) & also occurs in animals (from protozoa to mammals), which means to a great extent the whole life , they have different shapes, size & physiology, but at the same time all of them are typically composed of a plasma membrane, cytoplasm & a true nucleus, containing also a well clear defined organelles - unlike the prokaryotic cells - such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes & Golgi complex ….. etc

The nucleus as just mentioned is a true nucleus in which it’s contents from DNA, RNA, nucleoproteins & nucleus remains separated from the cytoplasm - unlike the prokaryotic cells - by a thin perforated membrane & because of this separation & because of this well defined clear structure it is called "the eukaryotes" the true cells with the true nucleus

EUKARYOTIC SHAPE

The plant & animal cells exhibits different forms & shapes, the typical animal cell is spherical &  may take on of the following shapes

A) Irregular
B) Triangular
C) Tubular
D) Cuboidal
E) Polygonal
F) Cylindrical
G) Oval
H) Rounded
I) Elongated

The shape of the cell might vary from animal to animal & from organ to the other, there is no direct specific rules for that issue, but at the end all of them are still under the eukaryotic cells category & this is the important point which is supposed to be always considered, even the cells in the same organ might differ in the shape form a location to the other & most of the time, the cell shape is correlated with the same cell function itself, for example the epithelial cells are always smooth & flat in shape, but the muscle cells are normaly elongated in shape, at the end, also external & internal factors will play a role in shaping the cells where for example mechanical stress or pressure or surface tension will all play a role in forming & shaping the cells

EUKARYOTIC SIZE

Most of the eukaryotic cells are like the prokaryotic, microscopic in their size but they are in anyways larger then the typical prokaryotic cells "which are bacteria", & the size may vary from 1 micron to 175000 micron, for example the ostrich egg is usually considered one of the largest cells, in addition, some long nerve cells have been found also to have the length of 3 to 3.5 feet

The cells Numbers

The body of unicellular cells or acellular organisims "such as protozoa & protophyta" consist of a single cell normaly, at the same time, most of the animals & plants have many cells in the body & are known as multi-cellular animals or plants, the # of cells in the multi-cellular organisims usually remains correlated with the size of the organisim & therefore smaller organisims have lower number of cells compared to the larger ones

protozoa unicellular eukaryotic cell

fat cells in the human body, they are multicellular eukaryotic cells

human sperm which is unicellular eukaryotic cell

ostrich egg, one of the biggest unicellular eukaryotic cell in nature

nerve cells in the human body

All fo the past mentioned examples are true eukaryotic real cells in nature & there are billions of other examples which can be mentioned, from those past 3 episodes & after briefly discussing the origin of cells & their nature & differences we can understand the biology is a dynamic science & nature is a dynamic creatures which change & develop depending on different kind of internal & external factors which shapes & control those changes & development, & we can also understand that the human body is a complex of cells which developed from very older versions & that we need to study carefully the characteristics of histology to understand biology & nature

To read the first episodes of this lecture you can press the following URL

Eukaryotic versus Prokaryotic Part I
mortada8.maktoobblog.com/1537178/eukaryotic-versus-prokaryotic-cells-part-1/

Eukaryotic versus Prokaryotic Part II
mortada8.maktoobblog.com/1537285/eukaryotic-versus-prokaryotic-cells-part-ii/

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Eukaryotic versus Prokaryotic Cells, Part III
Eukaryotes
الخلايا اليوكاريوتية "الخلايا الحديثة"
Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Histology
A fast lecture as a general revision in Microbiology & Histology fields
Revised By Ismail Mortada
B.Sc.Pharmacy & Health Sciences

المحاضرة مترجمة حرفيا للغة العربية في الأسفل

المقدمة
في المحاضرات الأخيرة الماضية حول هذا الموضوع, تناقشنا حول أصول الخلايا الحية في الطبيعة, وتحدثنا بأن هناك تصنيفان أساسيان للخلايا الحية في الطبيعة وهما الخلايا البروكاريوتية "البدائية" والخلايا اليوكاريوتية "الحديثة", ومن ثم في محاضرتين متتاليتين تناقشنا وبينا أنواع الخلايا البدائية, طبيعتها, خصائصها وأنواعها كما وتشريحها العام, وحان الوقت الآن لدراسة أو تبيين ماهية الخلايا اليوكاريوتية بشكل مختصر جدا جدا, وذلك من أجل التعرف على الإختلافات العامة التي ذكرت سابقا بين النوعين المختلفين من الخلايا

المزيد

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التصنيفات : Biology, Histology, Microbiology & Immunology | السمات:eukaryotic, Histology, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, prokaryotic, المايكروبيولوجي, علم الخلايا

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هل أستخدم مادة كارديو تونيك بلس أو لا أستخدمها؟

سؤال موجه على الإيميل من أحد القراء

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From: …………..@hotmail.com
To: mortada8@hotmail.com
Subject: RE:
Date: Sat, 21 Nov 2009 17:54:46 +0200

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التصنيفات : Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Drugs & Supplements, General Medical Articles | السمات:Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Drugs & Supplements, General Medical Articles

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Interaction between Morphine & Nalorphine
A question received to my personal email via a reader

التفاعل ما بين مادة المورفين والنالورفين
سؤال موجه من أحد القراء على الإيميل

The reply is available in both arabic & english Languages
الإجابة موجودة باللغتين العربية والإنجليزية

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اريد رد رجااااءا وبسرعة حول التداخلات الدوائية المذكورة

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التصنيفات : Biopharmaceutical studies, Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Drugs & Supplements, General Medical Articles, Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics |

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فيلم وثائقي…..معجزة خلق الإنسان

فيلم وثائقي … قسم البيولوجيا
  المصدر من موقع يو تيوب
مناقشة إسماعيل مرتضى

إن عملية خلق الإنسان وتكوينه لهي عبارة عن قصة من قصص الخيال العلمي الواقعية, وإن دراسة هذه المرحلة والتفكر بها تعيد الى الإنسان ذكرياته التي لا يتذكرها, بأن هناك علم كامل متكامل وقف وراء التكوين, وأن الإنسان بنعمة كبيرة بكل ما يراه من علوم في حياتنا المعاصرة, وبأن الخالق تعالى, لهو القادر على إعادة خلقنا مرارا وتكرارا….وهو أهون عليه

أتمنى أن تستمتعوا بمشاهدة الفيلم الوثائقي

تحياتي

إسماعيل العبد مرتضى

المزيد

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التصنيفات : Biology, General Medical Articles, أفلام...Movies | السمات:Biology, أفلام وثائقية...Scientific Movies

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لم أكن حقيقة أتوقع أن الدكتور المصري مصطفى محمود كان ما يزال على قيد الحياة لفترة وجيزة, حيث أنني ظننت عندما كنت أقرأ له انه متوفى من زمان يعني, لا أدري ما سبب تلك الفكرة أو النظرة الى الدكتور مصطفى, ولا أدري "وحقيقة لجهلي" لا أدري لماذا لم أحاول أن أقرأ سيرته مباشرة أو لم أنتبه حتى عند قراءتي في أكثر من مرة لسيرته زمان أنه لم يتوفى وأنه كان ما يزال حيا يرزق, حقيقة ذلك الخطأ أدى بي الى الحزن حيث أنني قرأت اليوم أنه توفي منذ فترة

المزيد

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التصنيفات : General Medical Articles |

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معجزة خلق الخلية الحية

فيلم وثائقي … قسم البيولوجيا
  المصدر من موقع يو تيوب
مناقشة إسماعيل مرتضى

إن نظرية التطور وأصول الحياة نوقشت بشكل مكثف من قبل جميع فئات المجتمع, ودائما ما نجد مؤيديين ومعارضيين لهذه النظرية, وكل يدلي بدلوه وبأدلته ليثبت صحة رأيه, ولكني شخصيا مازلت أرى قصورا في تركيب الأفكار وجمعها مع بعضها وأرى تشددا في طرح المبادئ العلمية, وهذا التشدد جاء نابعا من الدين, ومازلت أتساءل لماذا يصمم الإنسان أن يلغي التفكير بالعقل أو التعنصر بالرأي من أجل عيون الدين, مع أن الدين نفسه لا يعارض النظريات العلمية

ولو أخذنا على سبيل المثال نظرية التطور لداروين, فأنا أرى أن داروين شخصيا كان ينظر الى الأمور من وجهة نظر عميقة ولكن بنفس الوقت متشددة, ولكن عذره كان يومها أن العلوم لم تكن متطورة بالحد الموجودة عليه في وقتنا الحالي, فلا تتعبوا أنفسكم بلومه حيث أنني شبه متأكد أنه لو كان على قيد الحياة اليوم, لاعترف بأن التطور هي أحد أساليب الله تعالى في تكوين الخليقة, وبنفس الوقت لا يستطيع علماء اليوم إنكار أن التطور هو سمة من سمات الخلايا الحية, ولا أعلم لماذا لا يعتبر الجميع أن التطور موجود وفق منظومات العلوم المخلوقة من الله تعالى وأنها أحد أساليب الله تعالى في التاعمل مع مخلوقاته بما لا يتعارض مع مشيئته

هذا لو أردتم مناقشة الموضوع من وجهة نظر عامة ودينية بنفس الوقت

أرى أن تنظيم الخلق الرائع بال

المزيد

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التصنيفات : Biology, General Medical Articles, أفلام...Movies | السمات:Biology, Histology, أفلام وثائقية...Scientific Movies, أفلام...Movies

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The Cardiovascular system, Blood Vessels Anatomy Part 4
  Systemic Circulation
THE CAROTID ARTERIES
Specialized Lecture in Anatomy & Physiology
مناقشة إسماعيل مرتضى  Discussed by Ismail Mortada

Please press on the pictures to be able to see them in larger sizes so that to read the contents

As mentioned in past lectures, while we were discussing the systemic ciculation & blood vessels types, we said that near the aortic arch there are some branches of it, including the brachicephalic artery which raises both the right subclavian artery & the right common carotid artery + the other 2 branches from the aortic arch which raises the Left Common Carotid Artery & the Left Subclavian Artery

Now we’re going to discuss in more details about the common carotid arteries, now as just mentioned that there are 2 basic branches of the carotid artery which are as the following
A) The Right Common Carotid Artery which raise up from the Brachicephalic Artery from the Aorta Arch
B) The Left Common Carotid Artery which is one of the 3 branches of the Aorta Arch itself

They ascend through the lateran neck & at the superior border of the Larynx "at the level of ADAMS’ APPLE" & each one of the past mentioned 2 common carotid arteries divides into 2 major branches which are Internal & External

THE EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERIES

It supply most tissues of the head except the brain & the orbit, as each artery runs superiorly it give the following branches
A) Superior Thyroid Artery , which supply the larynx & the thyroid gland
B) Lingual Artery , which supplies the tongue
C) Facial Artery , which supplies the skin & the muscles of the anterior face
D) Occipital Artery , which supplies the posterior scalp

Each external carotid artery terminates by splitting into 2 endings which are as the following
A) Superficial Temporal Artery, which supplies the parotid salivary gland & most of the scalp
B) Maxillary Artery, which supplies the upper & lower jaws & chewing muscles, the teeth & the nazal cavities

From the Maxillary artery arises a clinically important artery called "THE MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY" which enters the skull through the foramen spinosum & supplies the inner surface of the parietal bone, squamous region of the temporal bone & the underlying dura matter

THE INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY

المزيد

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التصنيفات : Cardiovascular Ssytem, Human Anatomy & Physiology | السمات:Blood Vessels, Cardiovascular System, Human Anatomy & Physiology

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